tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44226060664799084842024-03-13T20:04:26.384-07:00Rediscovering Evolutionby Gina Contolini, Ph.D.,
Kelp Restoration Specialist with the Greater Farallones AssociationGinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.comBlogger89125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-63110498479196917732022-01-28T16:49:00.000-08:002022-01-28T16:49:11.400-08:00Giant Kelp and Bull Kelp Enhanced Status Report Now Available!<p> The main project for my Kelp Management Extension Fellowship is now complete and publicly available! </p><p>The <a href="https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov/kelp.true/" target="_blank">Giant Kelp and Bull Kelp Enhanced Status Report</a> (Kelp ESR for short) is a summary of the ecology, harvest, management, restoration, and information needs for giant and bull kelp throughout California. I started drafting it in summer 2020 with my California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) colleagues Rebecca Flores Miller and James Ray. It was reviewed by seven external experts and several CDFW supervisors and we finished editing it in December 2021. Then I got to enter it into the <a href="https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov" target="_blank">California Marine Species Portal</a> where 33 (and counting) other Enhanced Status Reports live! Enhanced Status Reports are updated approximately annually with new harvest or abundance information to help guide Fisheries Management Plans. </p><p>The Kelp ESR is unique in that it is the only Enhanced Status Report for an alga (or in this case, two algae). Another cool feature is that it has a special section highlighting dozens of the restoration activities that have taken place over the past several decades to restore kelp habitats throughout California. It also features some hand-drawn diagrams by yours truly!</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjOgQDBpjQECZm5Pldi7TSHrGaNYAq1QiyvRNdkAv9RETVWg7xkH6UYkGxcAZcEs45WQ8cQGNYw-4NlTeBOrB_-rqqiRgcIXpXzBpbwCZslKh6dsNq39-XXzZBzJPoIf__Iy3nwtqG7Mw2mX7SmjMHzc4kUCqO3vYZG_SSpqmUwfGI613y3YoMtouI5cg=s3000" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2250" data-original-width="3000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjOgQDBpjQECZm5Pldi7TSHrGaNYAq1QiyvRNdkAv9RETVWg7xkH6UYkGxcAZcEs45WQ8cQGNYw-4NlTeBOrB_-rqqiRgcIXpXzBpbwCZslKh6dsNq39-XXzZBzJPoIf__Iy3nwtqG7Mw2mX7SmjMHzc4kUCqO3vYZG_SSpqmUwfGI613y3YoMtouI5cg=w640-h480" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">A sample of one of my hand-drawn diagrams in the Kelp ESR. Source: California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2021.</span></p><p>I am very excited to see this report come out as it represents most of what I've been working on since April 2020. I hope you check it out!</p><p>References</p><p>California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2021. Giant Kelp and Bull Kelp, <i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i> and <i>Nereocystis luetkeana</i>, Enhanced Status Report. Contributor(s): Gina Contolini, Rebecca Flores Miller, and James Ray</p>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-48269715979941772102021-11-11T10:35:00.006-08:002021-11-11T10:37:34.172-08:00Clipping the Mermaid's locks<p>In June 2021 I had the wonderful opportunity to observe commercial bull kelp harvest out of Del Norte County, the northernmost coastal county in California. Check out my short blog post about it on the <a href="https://cdfwmarine.wordpress.com/2021/11/04/clipping-the-mermaids-locks-observing-bull-kelp-harvest-in-del-norte-county/ " target="_blank">California Department of Fish and Wildlife marine management news page! </a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-zzF1X9Wjd5U/YY1iWh5tqII/AAAAAAABOek/uO579EzMk00JUHnQfXomSnPIdv98Gx5_wCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="685" height="480" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-zzF1X9Wjd5U/YY1iWh5tqII/AAAAAAABOek/uO579EzMk00JUHnQfXomSnPIdv98Gx5_wCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Commercial bull kelp harvesters in Del Norte County, California in June 2021. Bull kelp fronds in the foreground.</span></div><p></p>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-54894383279962105002020-11-08T21:30:00.007-08:002021-04-02T09:19:36.638-07:00Western Society of Naturalists 2020 meeting: a success! Here's my talk!<p>This weekend I got to participate in the Western Society of Naturalists' 101st meeting! </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JgAc1gIM1iI/X6jSEFhiMuI/AAAAAAABEK8/sPY1Q1fd52kncpbp2XVh5NZQmfAiiwBHACLcBGAsYHQ/s629/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-11-08%2Bat%2B21.22.03.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="629" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JgAc1gIM1iI/X6jSEFhiMuI/AAAAAAABEK8/sPY1Q1fd52kncpbp2XVh5NZQmfAiiwBHACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-11-08%2Bat%2B21.22.03.png" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>It was all online, but I still got to connect with and see many old and new friends. Some of the highlights for me were:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>New mentorship program where I got to meet with lots of other scientists and talk about careers and life</li><li>Trivia night with over 100 trivia questions</li><li>I got to be a judge for the first time since I'm not a student anymore</li><li>Cool digital meeting rooms where you can move around and bump into people to chat (Wonder rooms)</li><li>Many talks are recorded, so I can view them later if I missed them!</li></ul><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HHCKJfkBTqo/X6jSjQ-2JUI/AAAAAAABELE/9GpI4FfrijswjGAf1l5ZNYV2JyuFQo3rQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1124/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-11-08%2Bat%2B21.11.04.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1124" height="408" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HHCKJfkBTqo/X6jSjQ-2JUI/AAAAAAABELE/9GpI4FfrijswjGAf1l5ZNYV2JyuFQo3rQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h408/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-11-08%2Bat%2B21.11.04.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Above is a screenshot of a Wonder room. Unfortunately, I didn't think to take a screenshot while the conference was still going, so I'm the only one here (the purple dot), but during the conference there were many other small circle people moving around between the rectangles (rooms). When you get near someone it turns on your camera and microphone and you can see and chat with that person! Anyone can join your circle at any time.</div><p></p><p>Another excellent bonus of an online conference is that I now have a recording of my talk! Since it's under five minutes long, it's a fantastic way to share my research with a very wide range of people. I think the most technical word I use in here is <i>Nucella</i>, which is just the name of the snail, and there are <i>zero</i> graphs or tables, so hopefully my message is quite accessible! Enjoy!</p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='453' height='364' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzA1TD1j57WRAXfMLoWD2q2E4VD_5iWSPcfLDSwUoPACluxN8D73VeHFEe86tF98rW2vWXsP7TQ1v2WgO7Apw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Title: POPULATION VARIATION IN AN INTERTIDAL PREDATOR SHAPES HABITAT STRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION</p><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Authors: Contolini, G.M.<span class="s1" style="font-size: 8px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">1*</span>; Palkovacs, E.P. </span><span style="font-size: 8px;">1</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1- UC Santa Cruz</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Abstract: Population-level trait variation is an important form of biodiversity that can alter community and</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">ecosystem properties. While recent work shows the ecological importance of population-level trait</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">variation, few studies describe this for predator-prey interactions, especially for predators</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">consuming foundational prey. In marine systems, where populations are traditionally viewed as</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">open and highly connected, much debate exists about the importance of intraspecific trait variation.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Here we test the prediction that intraspecific foraging differences among populations of a marine</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">intertidal predator (<i>Nucella ostrina-emarginata</i>) differentially alter California mussel bed</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">communities by altering mussel bed structure. In a nine-month field experiment, we measured</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">mussel bed structure and community composition within the matrix after treatment with <i>Nucella</i></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">from one of three populations. Using a piecewise structural equation model, we identified a</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">pathway through which <i>Nucella</i> foraging can decrease Shannon diversity within the matrix: larger</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">drilled mussel size increased remaining mussel size which decreased Shannon diversity. As the</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">different <i>Nucella</i> populations on average drilled significantly different sizes of mussels, our results</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">show that intraspecific variation in <i>Nucella</i> foraging can differentially alter mussel bed communities</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">via changing mussel bed habitat structure. These results support the hypothesis that populationlevel</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">variation in predators can have community consequences in marine ecosystems.</p>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-91972739272685397482020-10-06T12:38:00.023-07:002020-10-09T13:02:32.990-07:00This seafood month, celebrate sea vegetables<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">October is </span><a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/serving-seafood-national-seafood-month" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">national seafood month</a><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">! </span></span></h1><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-X-S72uqY6EY/X30HiwYGeqI/AAAAAAABDEA/XFAs218cm1ckanVd_0TLqp8P81F2ZwebQCLcBGAsYHQ/seafood%2Bmonth%2Bicon.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="933" height="431" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-X-S72uqY6EY/X30HiwYGeqI/AAAAAAABDEA/XFAs218cm1ckanVd_0TLqp8P81F2ZwebQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h431/seafood%2Bmonth%2Bicon.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span>Photo: </span><a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/serving-seafood-national-seafood-month" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NOAA</a></span></div></span></span><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-2a761504-7fff-1213-924a-b8cdda981a7f"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What do you think of when you hear the word “seafood?” Chances are you think about tasty sea creatures like shrimp and salmon—the creators of the above seafood month icon surely do. But what about sea vegetables? They are just as much sea and just as much food as shrimp and salmon. (They may even be more sea than salmon, which spend a lot of time in freshwater!) Also known as seaweed and marine algae, sea vegetables are a type of healthy, vegetarian seafood that is seriously underrated. Sea vegetables are similar to land vegetables in that they need sunlight, water, and nutrients to grow, but unlike their terrestrial counterparts, sea vegetables don’t hav</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">e roots; the whole body, called the thallus, takes up nutrients directly from the water in which it bathes. One of the best parts about sea vegetables is that in California, they are free—</span><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/Kelp/Recreational-Harvest" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">you don’t need a license to harvest them recreationally</a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">!</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The western U.S. has miles and miles of undeveloped coastline with abundant, healthy algae readily available for harvest at low tide. Here, I describe the full process of putting seaweed on your plate and focus on a few of my favorite northern California seaweeds, many of which are available throughout the entire west coast. For more information on edible seaweeds throughout California and beyond, check out these pages on </span><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/Kelp/Commonly-harvested-marine-algae" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">commonly harvested marine algae in California</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><a href="http://seaweedsofpnw.com/" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">common seaweeds of the Pacific Northwest</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Accessing sea vegetables</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most sea vegetables grow on intertidal rocks. The first step finding them is to locate an accessible intertidal area with rocky substrate. Check local tidepooling and natural resource websites for suggestions, but make sure the site you pick is not in a </span><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/MPAs/Network" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Marine Protected Area</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, state park, or state beach where harvest is not allowed. Next, plan your visit during a low tide, ideally when the tide level is zero ft. or lower. There are lots of websites with this information, but I like to use </span><a href="https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOAA’s tide predictions</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Arrive at least one hour before the low tide and plan to leave about 2 hours after (the tide will be coming in faster at that point and you don’t want to be out on the rocks when the ocean returns!) Finally, check the </span><a href="https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/data/Forecasts/FZUS56.KEKA.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">marine forecast</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to avoid storms and big waves.</span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harvesting sea vegetables</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To harvest sea vegetables, you just need a few simple tools: a bucket or bag to hold your harvest (Ziplocs work great), scissors or a sharp knife, weather-appropriate clothes, sturdy shoes, and some natural resource knowledge. Algae are (partly) the base of the intertidal food web, so it is important to harvest them sustainably by leaving behind a large portion of the thallus (remember, that's the name for the body of a seaweed) and only cut what you will keep. Additionally, there are laws prohibiting selling marine algae without a </span><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/Kelp/Commercial-Harvest" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">commercial algae harvesting license</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and there is a 10-lb. limit per person per day for recreational harvest, which does not require a license. Harvest is not allowed in any of </span><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/MPAs/Network" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">California’s Marine Protected Areas</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and due population declines, harvest or even <i>disturbance </i>of sea palm (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Postelsia palmaeformis</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) and seagrass (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phyllospadix </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spp. or </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zostera marina</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) is prohibited. (Fun fact: seagrass and eelgrass are not algae, but true flowering plants! And you don't want to eat them anyway.) Similar rules may apply in </span><a href="https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/viewSearchRule.action" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oregon</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><a href="https://www.dnr.wa.gov/seaweed" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Washington</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, always avoid harvesting near polluted areas like large storm drainage pipes and sewage outfalls.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1smLAZ6Nc5I/X3zFED_SFkI/AAAAAAABDC0/ev2PUAk3IfIES-WpJiAmhmQTome-WMhXwCLcBGAsYHQ/palm%2Band%2Bgrass.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="533" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1smLAZ6Nc5I/X3zFED_SFkI/AAAAAAABDC0/ev2PUAk3IfIES-WpJiAmhmQTome-WMhXwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/palm%2Band%2Bgrass.png" /></a></div></span><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sea palm (<span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Postelsia palmaeformis</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">left) & seagrass (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Phyllospadix torreyi</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">) are not permitted for recreational harvest. Photos by CDFW (left) and the Multi-agency Rocky Intertidal Network.</span></span></span></div><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cooking with sea vegetables</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While I could probably get away with calling myself an expert on finding and harvesting sea vegetables, I am by no means an expert on cooking with them. I only started doing it this summer! However, I think it's fantastic to eat wild-harvested foods and I want to encourage people to give it a shot. So here's my disclaimer: all the cooking info is written by an amateur sea vegetable chef and is probably at least a little inaccurate.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Normally, I love eating raw vegetables, but unless you’re a sea snail, most sea vegetables are not meant to be eaten raw! They are extremely chewy and can be a little slimy. To prepare your seaweed, as soon as you get home, rinse it in tap water to remove surface impurities (and any tiny, clinging herbivores!). If you don’t plan to use your seaweed right away, you should dry it, though it can be stored fresh in the refrigerator for a few days, after which point it will become very slimy. Drying can be done in the oven (on warm), in the sun, or in a dehydrator, then store the seaweed in an airtight container for months or even years. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You can cook most sea vegetables by frying or roasting in a pan or in the oven for just a few minutes. You don't need to rehydrate them for this, but oiling them is a good idea. They’re done when they’re crispy and very brittle and they may change color. If you want to make noodles (e.g. wakame noodles), you should use hydrated seaweed so it is easy to cut. You can rehydrate your dried seaweed by soaking it in warm water for about 10 minutes. Either way, if you're concerned about your seaweed having harmful bacteria on it, don't eat it raw; <a href="https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/vibrio/food_safety.html#:~:text=If%20you%20are%20at%20high%20risk%2C%20do%20not%20eat%20shellfish,baking%20%E2%80%94%20will%20kill%20Vibrio%20vulnificus" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">cooking will kill bacteria</a>. After cooking, you can eat your seaweed plain; grind it up to use as a salty seaweed sprinkle topping; use it like any other vegetable in your recipes—I like to add it to stir fries; or plop a dried alga in your boiling pot of soup, rice, or beans to add flavor. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Find more great cooking tips in this </span><a href="https://heated.medium.com/join-the-seaweed-revolution-c44c70a515ea" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sea Greens 101 article by Heated</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">! </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qL_HN0CaVKc/X31GDsTptNI/AAAAAAABDGg/WR2V04N4828hLla1Cr-J-XW1rf1vI2sjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s935/seaweed%2Bsmorgasboard.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="935" height="485" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qL_HN0CaVKc/X31GDsTptNI/AAAAAAABDGg/WR2V04N4828hLla1Cr-J-XW1rf1vI2sjwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h485/seaweed%2Bsmorgasboard.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Photo: <a href="https://www.seriouseats.com/2018/04/seaweed-guide-how-to-use-kelp-kombu-nori-wakame-sea-vegetables.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vicky Wasik</a></span></div><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Common northern California sea vegetables</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here are some pictures and facts about my favorite northern California sea vegetables!</span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nori</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 2pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline-block; height: 374px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 250px;"><img height="374" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/bEXyR1qsv54zyDmQYhB3Cn_EA0br4tlBMRPD6HXkexfnG31du4Bc8eyal4nyzdHUb5Qk3ou9NAyecB9sZIdfrJpbO9EirHHLgGNf3MpPGmG2HWoyRATgCVwuH7Is-NSm-jFDaeBu" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="250" /></span></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pyropia perforata</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Grayish green to brownish purple and often very frilly. Smooth and one cell thick; you can see through it!</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Used in sushi, but ground up and flattened into sheets</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nori makes great chips when fried in coconut oil!</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photo: CDFW</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sea lettuce</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UaB695698f0/X31KUf32-pI/AAAAAAABDHQ/07ohZBVhpQIQS9P-umDx6Rz0Ozyw6jyFwCLcBGAsYHQ/s580/ulva580.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="580" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UaB695698f0/X31KUf32-pI/AAAAAAABDHQ/07ohZBVhpQIQS9P-umDx6Rz0Ozyw6jyFwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/ulva580.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ulva lactuca </span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Smooth, bright green and in broad sheets. Two cells thick; you can see through this one as well!</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fry or roast, but not as good for chips</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Can be added fresh to salads </span></p></li></ul><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>Photo: James Watanabe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /><br /></span><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 400; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wakame</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="373" height="407" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-XzqGTtg9tgs/X3y_5eqDtHI/AAAAAAABDCE/NpQV3oRyWK8pL4MkZBCmNcRVP2F2MoU3ACLcBGAsYHQ/w386-h407/two%2Bwakame.png" style="font-size: 21.3333px; text-align: left;" width="386" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fresh wakame (left) and dried. Photos by CDFW (left) and Gina Contolini</span></div></span></h2><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alaria marginata</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Brown algae; more specifically, wakame is in the kelp family (Phylum Ochrophyta, Family Laminariaceae)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Dark green, wide, smooth ribbons with thick midrib; very long (up to 19 ft!)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wakame is used traditionally in miso soup; it can also be used to flavor rice or soup stock</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since it is so long, it is great for making noodles!
</span></p></li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VMctvQu0jz4/X3zB1eL9AZI/AAAAAAABDCQ/LrHy5zBxghQ2o8jrdWIkkLlH-1_B0N29gCLcBGAsYHQ/s270/one%2Bveggie%2Bbowl.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="270" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VMctvQu0jz4/X3zB1eL9AZI/AAAAAAABDCQ/LrHy5zBxghQ2o8jrdWIkkLlH-1_B0N29gCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/one%2Bveggie%2Bbowl.png" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">My veggie bowl with fried wakame noodles—the dark veggie on the left!</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kombu</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 2pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline-block; height: 353px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 236px;"><img height="353" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/hmD3--63VfLjvmelBt9Imi2MigyAikb1TGhxhlsyVb-RPDZCnHJegiWNRDtOlsxrl-WSHFBFQi9eCoycWUCJZajTzmKqNKcwZSUS1Jh8IIpNVvYfF8oz9mX8Au-b8-NGfKXUBRuB" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="236" /></span></div><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"></h2><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laminaria setchellii</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Brown algae, kelp family </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(Phylum Ochrophyta, Family Laminariaceae)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Dark greenish brown. Slender, erect stipe (stem) leading to wide, smooth blade with many dangling finger-like strips.</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Good in soup stock or to add in rice or bean water.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photo: CDFW</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 400; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sweet kombu AKA sea cabbage</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="235" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/20n4_bNN0-60MVLx157ehXI_4VSYoNdda9iSJ-bXPuB1JyK_mUk_HD94d53eSQr6W1BElowvA6Pj_RhQdEl_00-V7ue7uUnAkiMuEly9GmAQUTIw4cxfhzIt4fUEbwrHYfqRVnib" style="font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></div></span></h2><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hedophyllum sessile</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Brown algae, kelp family </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(Phylum Ochrophyta, Family Laminariaceae)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Dark greenish brown; long, thick blades with no stipe. Looks similar to kombu tips; however, sweet kombu can have smooth or wrinkled blades.</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Great as a soup stock or add in water when cooking rice or bean</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photo: CDFW</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sea oak AKA sea fern</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JPVaH-c2fTc/X31Jm0pwB1I/AAAAAAABDG8/tI7usX3EWPcDyyXfhs-7KCGmoCop-BBYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s925/Stephanocystis_osmundacea_2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="925" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JPVaH-c2fTc/X31Jm0pwB1I/AAAAAAABDG8/tI7usX3EWPcDyyXfhs-7KCGmoCop-BBYgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/Stephanocystis_osmundacea_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><br /></span></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stephanocystis osmundacea</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Brown algae </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(Phylum Ochrophyta)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Dark greenish brown with stiff stipe and many branches. Branches have pneumatocysts (floats) that look like many small beads strung together.</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You can eat it raw, but I haven’t tried!</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Often pickled</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photo: CDFW</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dulse</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 2pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline-block; height: 383px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 288px;"><img height="383" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pbKo_vMt3J4KDAJafzIvX63l25Vfgf2XPJsP1CgOqADKe4cpeBRLtKMPuCLj_cZWVQMNCx3FDa_2575ii8R3FdD5tgZMn7l5DuE4wRLk1hKEhdL0OGRZwVmvSJ8hhNMBs1jHv2xs" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="288" /></span></div><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"></h2><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scientific name: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Palmaria mollis</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General category: Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta)</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description: Reddish pink with many small blades (under 1 ft.) that are thick, leathery, and usually lobed</span></p></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Great sauteéd with other vegetables or fried like chips!</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Photo: Algaebase.org</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-41144265357056108832020-07-07T09:05:00.016-07:002020-10-01T15:46:33.110-07:00North Coast Kelp Restoration Community Science Project Launched<div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><font size="5">Huge Hidden Forests</font></h3><div>Northern California is known across the globe for its towering redwood forests. Home to the largest known living tree, Hyperion, at 380 ft. tall, there is no question that this corner of the world has impressive natural habitats. In the shadows of these giants, however, lies a different type of forest, equally as impressive as the soaring sequoias. While there are no billboards and gift shops off the main highway heralding its beauty, it is an essential part of the history of northern California communities. </div><div><br /></div><div>Northern California kelp forests are hotspots of marine biodiversity. Growing along cool, rocky shores, the “trees” of this forest are a species of brown alga called bull kelp. The animals that inhabit bull kelp forests have sustained booming tourism sport fishing industries for decades, and Tribal communities since time immemorial. Hundreds of people for hundreds of years have molded their lives around bull kelp forests, harvesting the seemingly endless supplies of fish, invertebrates, and algae living among the kelp fronds. That’s why it was such a shock when the forests disappeared.</div><div><br /></div><div>A series of stressful oceanographic and ecological phenomena destroyed bull kelp populations (Figure 1). First, warm waters killed existing bull kelp, then a COVID-19-esque epidemic (Sea Star Wasting Syndrome) killed the predators that reduce kelp herbivores. Now these herbivores, especially purple sea urchins, roam freely and devour any kelp plants that sprout up, preventing the recovery of the habitat-forming species. </div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2oVyjTG58g/XweiwDoJVQI/AAAAAAABAaU/ZkZoO9hjScgsTrtZZNIz2VTW9yLu08HAQCLcBGAsYHQ/s749/Aerial%2Bsurvey%2Bkelp%2B86%2Bto%2B16.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="749" height="339" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2oVyjTG58g/XweiwDoJVQI/AAAAAAABAaU/ZkZoO9hjScgsTrtZZNIz2VTW9yLu08HAQCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h339/Aerial%2Bsurvey%2Bkelp%2B86%2Bto%2B16.jpg" width="500" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="2">Figure 1: California Department of Fish and Wildlife aerial kelp survey results. Bull kelp primarily exists in the North Coast Mainland and North Central Mainland areas, shown in purple and green. The marine heat wave started in 2013 and bull kelp has not recovered since then. <a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/Kelp/Aerial-Kelp-Surveys">https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/Kelp/Aerial-Kelp-Surveys</a></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><font size="5">Communities Respond to Kelp Forest Devastation</font></h3><div>Needless to say, community members are deeply concerned. While rigorous scientific experiments are underway to determine the best kelp restoration strategies, local scuba divers are eager to help. To leverage the power of the masses, as the California Sea Grant Kelp Management Extension Fellow I am helping to lead a community science project using volunteer divers to cull purple sea urchins in one monitored location (Caspar Cove in Mendocino County; Figure 2). The purpose of this project is to investigate whether in-water purple urchin culling by volunteer divers can support kelp regrowth. Results will help managers determine whether this can be a useful kelp restoration tool more broadly. This project is in collaboration with The Waterman’s Alliance, CDFW, the Ocean Protection Council, and Reef Check California.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sp8lUcwDgew/Xwei_jq1HWI/AAAAAAABAaY/7vrCu1Qzq1UndqkIZJntVMurC5m9oSImQCLcBGAsYHQ/s700/Caspar%2BCove%2Bon%2Bmap.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="628" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sp8lUcwDgew/Xwei_jq1HWI/AAAAAAABAaY/7vrCu1Qzq1UndqkIZJntVMurC5m9oSImQCLcBGAsYHQ/w359-h400/Caspar%2BCove%2Bon%2Bmap.png" width="359" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font size="2">Figure 2: Location of Caspar Cove in California. </font></div><div><br /></div><div>To participate, divers must have a valid recreational fishing license and scuba certification. They can use hand tools to cull subtidal purple sea urchins on the south side of Caspar Cove (areas A–C in Figure 3). They should record details about their dive including how many urchins they culled using this form: <a href="https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog">https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog</a>. Results are automatically updated every 5 minutes at <a href="https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog-data">https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog-data</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--zEchgADsAM/XwSaMY9pYfI/AAAAAAABAPk/sGgSaNj5a5gSnYmncx5v4bISfhsHkXLQgCK4BGAsYHg/s1770/2020-06-26_CasparMap_Landscape_6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1225" data-original-width="1770" height="345" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--zEchgADsAM/XwSaMY9pYfI/AAAAAAABAPk/sGgSaNj5a5gSnYmncx5v4bISfhsHkXLQgCK4BGAsYHg/w500-h345/2020-06-26_CasparMap_Landscape_6.png" width="500" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="2">Figure 3: Map of legal urchin culling area in Caspar Cove, California. Divers should</font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font size="2">focus on areas A–C. Credit: Joe Tyburczy, CASG</font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>We are thankful to have such a supportive community and excited to get recreational divers involved in solutions for kelp forest recovery!</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="524" height="250" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y6s96xBeZ58/XwSZ4zjWn8I/AAAAAAABAPM/3Y_ejeMKJUgBjEG9lnBQU2WSOem7MaS1QCK4BGAsYHg/w625-h250/purple%2Burchin%2Bbanner_title%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Access the dive log here:<a href="https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog" target="_blank"> https://tinyurl.com/CasparCoveDiveLog</a></div><div><div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Live results:</div><div><br /></div></div></div>
<iframe height="800" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vQbkVbQfGkr9yaJ5bj1KUjjHQ9Dq8OfTUrtDU7jpIvcIF3isKSspT_ywCIOUlMl-tbw_-b1iTcyN6Do/pubhtml?gid=1680084585&single=true&widget=true&headers=false" width="800"></iframe>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-23897908845993897282020-07-03T12:52:00.003-07:002020-07-07T08:16:42.541-07:00New publication in Marine Ecology Progress Series<div>I just published a new article in Marine Ecology Progress Series with coauthors Eric Palkovacs and Kristy Kroeker!</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">Predator populations differ in their foraging responses to acute seawater acidification</span><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhUwIA67kbs/Xv-J0lBOmZI/AAAAAAAA_9c/EfQzM72g9scqpdf1bYmLCiFPNcRRd03GwCK4BGAsYHg/s1203/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-07-03%2Bat%2B12.40.46.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="1203" height="243" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhUwIA67kbs/Xv-J0lBOmZI/AAAAAAAA_9c/EfQzM72g9scqpdf1bYmLCiFPNcRRd03GwCK4BGAsYHg/w625-h243/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-07-03%2Bat%2B12.40.46.png" width="625" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Doi: <a href="https://www.int-res.com/prepress/m13406.html" target="_blank">https://www.int-res.com/prepress/m13406.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Do all marine predator populations respond similarly to acute seawater acidification? We tested how Nucella dogwhelks from three different populations altered the consumption of mussels under ambient and acidified conditions. Our results demonstrate that exposure to acidification does not universally impair predators and responses may be related to prior pH exposure, leading to divergent ecological effects among different populations.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7dG_ci42pGs/Xv-Mbr-vD2I/AAAAAAAA_-M/ZxLfgWXJoPUgUhmq3H5kZoPhcGrtmr4XgCK4BGAsYHg/s320/20160225_094901_25140290572_o.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="320" /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AEbUNM6R6KY/Xv-LvhLfujI/AAAAAAAA_94/YJoS67cgmKIGMPtuBwef1vLk2Wl_HA1ngCK4BGAsYHg/s1024/download_20160121_160051_23901625403_o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AEbUNM6R6KY/Xv-LvhLfujI/AAAAAAAA_94/YJoS67cgmKIGMPtuBwef1vLk2Wl_HA1ngCK4BGAsYHg/s320/download_20160121_160051_23901625403_o.jpg" /></a> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Huge thanks to Sandra, Cory, Nicole, and all others who helped those many early mornings and late nights in all weather conditions checking on snails every 12 hours for 60 days!</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-22232242612066296802020-03-25T16:00:00.000-07:002020-03-26T09:52:52.925-07:00New job!I am extremely excited to announce I accepted a position with California Sea Grant as a Kelp Management Extension Fellow! The position is located in Eureka, CA.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Humboldt Bay, California. Photo credit: Robert Campbell</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">It took 25 mins to align these photos; Blogger sucks don't use it.</span></div>
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I'll be using my marine biology training to help assess the state of kelp forests in California (they are not looking good: see <a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Science-Institute/News/californias-disappearing-kelp-forests-what-scientists-and-divers-can-do-to-reverse-this-trend" target="_blank">this CDFW article</a>) and create a plan for their recovery. This statewide fellowship is modeled after the successful <a href="https://seagrant.noaa.gov/Knauss-Fellowship-Program" target="_blank">Knauss Marine Policy Fellowship Program</a> that brings early career marine scientists to Washington D.C. to experience the creation of federal marine policy. My fellowship is essentially a Knauss fellowship for kelp forests in California. I'm very excited to learn both the ins and outs of natural resource management and the diverse needs of all the people that use and need the kelp forests (called stakeholders). The two-year fellowship will round out my ecology education with policy experience so I can join the ranks of scientists and politicians who make sure our rich, culturally and economically important marine resources continue to thrive. More info about the position here: <a href="https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/fellowships/california-department-of-fish-and-wildlife-california-sea-grant-statewide-kelp">https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/fellowships/california-department-of-fish-and-wildlife-california-sea-grant-statewide-kelp</a><br />
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<a href="https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/research/coast/funding/PublishingImages/Pages/kelp-forests-disease-impact/kelp-forests-disease-impact-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tegula grazing kelp" border="0" height="400" src="https://www2.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/research/coast/funding/PublishingImages/Pages/kelp-forests-disease-impact/kelp-forests-disease-impact-1.JPG" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="" width="299" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Tegula </i>snails grazing in kelp forest. Photo credit: Lynne Wetmore</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">More </span><i style="text-align: start;">Tegula </i><span style="text-align: start;">snails grazing on kelp. Photo credit: Norbert Wu Productions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;">Okay, so maybe I just want to save all the cute baby snails that live in the kelp. Is that so bad?! ;) __@_v</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;">Plugging myself into the Marvel universe (as that's what I've been doing most evenings now during the COVID-19 shelter-in-place mandate): by learning how policy and management work, I can become more than the soft-spoken scientist who knows about only the natural world and then becomes a pawn for political powers! </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> Dr. Zola: "I am certain of nothing. I fear it may not work at all." </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gen. Johann Schmidt: [pushes Zola out of the way] "I have not come all this way for safety, doctor!"</span><br />
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I've only watched four movies so far, but I'm wondering if they made a movie yet where the PhD is the superhero. It seems useful to spread the message that education, rather than magic (Capt. America, Capt. Marvel) or money (Iron Man), is power. </div>
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-44110720196892249862020-02-25T21:07:00.001-08:002020-02-25T21:07:29.772-08:00Teaching Intro to Field Research is AmazingLast weekend for my Introduction to Field Research course, we visited Año Nuevo State Park (also a University of California natural reserve), saw male, female, and baby elephant seals, spoke with reserve manager Dr. Patrick Robinson about the incredible physiology and life history of these animals, and saw some tagging and oceanographic equipment the seals get to wear.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Remaining adult elephant seals after most of the breeding season is over. The males here are not dominant males; those have already taken off to sea. Nevertheless, we saw them snorting and charging each other, and even mate with a female!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Here is Dr. Robinson showing the students the data loggers that are glued to the seals' skin and to collect information about depth, temperature, conductivity (used to calculate salinity), and light. The seals naturally shed their skin on land every year, so the tags just fall right off!</span></div>
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Then we visited the rocky intertidal at Davenport Landing, where I truly came to understand how I have realized my childhood dream of understanding (to some level) all the creatures that live in the intertidal zone.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Obligatory neon green anemone photo. Neonness courtesy the zooxanthellae. The students totally noticed that some anemones were more neon, so I got to explain the symbiosis! Photo credit Emmet P. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">You're really between a rock and a hard place when you find yourself between being eaten by a sea star and an anemone... until you realize you're the only one with an exoskeleton here. Then I guess you're just between an echinoderm and a cnidarian.</span></div>
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We only found one singular nudibranch who was all tucked up and not very happy looking, but the students loved the trip nevertheless. Then I took them all to Whale City bakery, where I always went after fieldwork at Davenport, and we enjoyed hot drinks and snacks to warm ourselves from the frigid wind.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Finding the shiny slugs is always my primary goal. This one was less shiny but just as sluggy.</span></div>
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I feel so lucky that I get paid to do such fun and rewarding things!!<br />
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-85684613992584366332020-02-11T10:54:00.003-08:002020-03-09T22:30:52.686-07:00Job aps are inThis quarter at UC Santa Cruz, I am having a blast teaching Introduction to Field Research as well as Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves, and Seagrasses.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Students making natural history observations during the Intro to Field Research and Conservation class' field trip last weekend to Fort Ord Natural Reserve in Marina, CA</span></div>
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Unfortunately, the term ends in April, and then I'll be on to new things! It has been very exciting applying for marine biology jobs all over the Pacific Northwest. I see myself as an educator, researcher, and natural resource manager, and so far this year I have applied to four jobs in these categories, including:<br />
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<li>California Sea Grant-California Department of Fish and Wildlife Marine Debris Program Extension Fellow (Oakland, CA)</li>
<li>California Sea Grant-California Department of Fish and Wildlife Kelp Management Extension Fellow (Eureka, CA)</li>
<li>Cabrillo College Biology Instructor (Aptos, CA)</li>
<li>Olympia Oyster and Bull Kelp Habitat Restoration Project Manager at Puget Sound Restoration Fund (Seattle, WA)</li>
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All these are full-time positions doing things I love in places I love (with the exception of one place that will remain unnamed in case employers are checking out this blog; hehe). </div>
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I look forward to giving updates on the statuses of all these soon!<br />
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* Update 3.09.2020: I have interviewed for both Sea Grant positions and have an interview with Puget Sound Restoration Fund later this week. I was not offered an interview at Cabrillo College. </div>
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-53353979116904651752020-01-21T21:54:00.001-08:002020-01-21T21:54:08.710-08:00New year accomplishmentsI am very, very excited to announce that I have completed my degree and I am now Dr. Gina Contolini!<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Me with my family the night I passed my closed defense.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Me starting my public defense.</span></div>
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On that note, my first dissertation chapter was published as a stand-alone research article in the journal <i>Oecologia. </i>Seeing this publication come out was a great way to graduate on a high note. Check it out online using the link below, and if you want full access, feel free to contact me.<br />
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<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00442-019-04591-x">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00442-019-04591-x</a><br />
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Now, I'm teaching a couple courses here at UCSC while applying for postdocs and faculty jobs in the area. It is nice to be able to transition to another phase of life!</div>
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-19510933603976716702019-11-19T14:05:00.000-08:002019-11-19T14:05:32.774-08:00Major career milestonesThis quarter has been full of accomplishments that have been a long time coming for me.<br />
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First, I got my first article published in a peer-reviewed journal. "Climate shapes population variation in dogwhelk predation on foundational mussels" will appear in <i>Oecologia </i>sometime in the next couple months. Huge thanks to coauthors Eric Palkovacs (my advisor) and Kerry Reid (former postdoc in the lab).<br />
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Secondly, I compiled an entire draft of my PhD dissertation! After many stressful weeks of finishing analyses while applying for jobs, I finally submitted my whole dissertation to my committee, and I'm very happy to report that those who have read it so far are pleased with it. I cannot understate the amount of weight that has been lifted from my shoulders. I feel at least 100 times lighter and I can do things like watch movies, play frisbee, and make snail puns again. Here is my title page as well as some new puns on old puns.<br />
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Thirdly, I got a part-time job doing environmental consulting with a company called Surf 2 Sea. I am analyzing mussel bed communities before and after a construction project at the marine lab here. For this work, I'm doing the exact same thing I've been doing in graduate school the last year, so it is a perfect transitional job. It's great to get back in the field again after being stuck writing for the last few months!<br />
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-70134046617226324192019-11-19T13:54:00.001-08:002019-11-19T13:54:56.414-08:00Otter-star project photosIn May, I got to help out graduate student Casey Sheridan with some subtidal fieldwork. Casey is working with a team of researchers to study sea urchin population dynamics and their effects on kelp forests (the <a href="https://census.eeb.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank">CeNSUS</a> program).<br />
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On our trip, we collected lots of urchins and kelp to use in feeding experiments. We also collected some bat stars for a lab studying color variation in them. Here are a few pictures of our outing.<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Af8Ziu1o7_4/XdRkf1IMUXI/AAAAAAAA6qc/tiHxZ6FYGqcUHYnmbTjq4aYydgdBGqCVACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/59761940_10219518610862199_388706433052442624_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Af8Ziu1o7_4/XdRkf1IMUXI/AAAAAAAA6qc/tiHxZ6FYGqcUHYnmbTjq4aYydgdBGqCVACK4BGAYYCw/s400/59761940_10219518610862199_388706433052442624_n.jpg" width="300" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--t-jwIm1UV0/XdRkhdSxqWI/AAAAAAAA6qk/1U5A3GW0pWcs2cJPT9-NSw4M9v7FCR7SACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/59773930_10219518610902200_7033252592104767488_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--t-jwIm1UV0/XdRkhdSxqWI/AAAAAAAA6qk/1U5A3GW0pWcs2cJPT9-NSw4M9v7FCR7SACK4BGAYYCw/s400/59773930_10219518610902200_7033252592104767488_n.jpg" width="300" /></a>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-74145866791208870912019-04-05T08:41:00.000-07:002019-04-05T08:43:16.151-07:00Deep inside the forest<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
Imagine you are a bird soaring over the top of a dense redwood forest. As you effortlessly glide on the wind, your gaze turns to the thick canopy below you—treetops of monotonous shades of green and brown. The canopy, still and silent from your perspective, is itself not very diverse; coastal redwoods dominate as the main tree species. But at a bird’s eye perspective, much is missed. Beneath the tops of these quiet giants are rich communities of plants, animals, and fungi that could not exist on their own. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Foundation species, like the trees in a forest, are species that provide essential habitat for others (Dayton 1972; Ellison et al. 2005). We call habitats formed by foundation species biogenic habitats because they are structured by living organisms. They provide shelter and food and support diverse communities. We have all been in a forest and know how much the climate changes—if you have ever hiked in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, for example, you know how much darker, cooler, and more humid it is deep among the trees. But there are smaller biogenic habitats we can’t hike through, and, like a bird flying high, we view only from above unless we make an effort to learn more. One such habitat is coastal mussel beds.<o:p></o:p></div>
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If you’re a resident of the central Californian coast, you’ve probably hiked down a bluff and explored the wave-swept rocky shores. Most likely, you perused the dense beds of mussels until you found a sea star, urchin, or in the very low zone, an octopus. But the mussel beds themselves are full of colorful and exciting life, supporting hundreds of species (Suchanek 1992; Lohse 1993; Lafferty & Suchanek 2016)! Here is a description of some of my favorite mussel bed species found on and within the bed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In the mid to high intertidal zone, you can find several types of striped or checkered snails. Some of these snails eat the lichens and algae growing over the mussels, and others eat the mussels themselves. My personal favorite is called a unicorn snail, named after the single horn (also called a tooth) on the edge of its shell that it uses to open its hard-shelled prey.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Acanthinucella spirata, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">the unicorn snail, also eats mussels and barnacles but uses its single tooth (also known as a horn, like a unicorn; see it in the upper right) to puncture its prey. Photo credit Dave Cowles<span style="color: black;"> </span>from inverts.wallawalla.edu</span><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Littorina scutulata</span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">, the checkered snail, about 1 cm long. It eats lichens and microalgae and is also found above the mussel beds in the high zone. Photo credit Gina Contolini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Nucella ostrina, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">a dogwhelk, eats mussels and barnacles by drilling a hole into their shells. This individual has its proboscis extended into a hole it made in the mussel on the right. Photo credit Gina Contolini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The mid-zone mussel bed is also home to a large, colorful worm called a pile worm (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nereis</i> spp.). Its tough skin is iridescent and often turquoise, and it has sharp, retractable jaws it uses to attack its prey. Though there is a species of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neries </i>native to Californian shores (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nereis grubei</i>), a nonnative species has been introduced when fishermen discarded it as unused bait. Worms are particularly dependent on mussel beds because the beds trap sediment in which the worms live (Kanter 1977).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">A particularly colorful pile worm <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nereis grubei </i>about 5 cm long<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Photo credit Gary McDonald<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Peanut worms (e.g. </span><i style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Phascolosoma agassizii</i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">) that live in the sediments at the bottom of the mussel bed. Photo credit Gina Contolini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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There are also many species of algae that grow on mussels. My personal favorite is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nemalion helminthoides</i> which is a slimy, rubbery alga aptly named sea noodles. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nemalion helminthoides, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">the sea noodle, growing on a mussel bed. Photo credit Gina Contolini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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In addition to algae, some animals live on the mussels themselves. In order to do this, they need to be firmly cemented on. Many species of worms have done this by forming calcareous tubes to live in. If you look closely, some mussels have hard white dots or lines on their shells or sometimes hard rows of sand. These are the homes of different species of worms that have given up a mobile life for the safety of a hard tubular home. There is even a species of snail that has made a similar life choice and lives in a long tube rather than a spiral shell, though these snails are not often found on mussels. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The whitish growths on these mussels are calcareous tube worms <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Serpula columbiana</i>. When underwater, they filter feed with a colorful tentacle array. The tube snail <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Serpulorbis squamigerus </i>looks very similar to these worms. Photo credit Gina Contolini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Just like a forest, mussel beds create biogenic habitat that provides a home for hundreds of species. Many intertidal species require hard surfaces to live on, and mussel beds increase available colonizable surfaces five to thirty times that of bare rock (Suchanek 1992). The species above were just some of my favorites that I’ve found during my research, but there are also dozens more species of small worms, arthropods, and molluscs that live in mussel beds in California. So next time you are out on the rocky shores, don’t just breeze over the top of the canopy. Look on and within it (keeping it intact, of course) and see if you can find anything new! <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Photos of a small section of mussel bed before and after removing mussels. Sediment and shells are trapped under the mussels, and many organisms live in and among the debris. Mussels were removed under CDFW Scientific Collecting Permit #13169. Photo credit Gina Contolini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Literature cited<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_gjdgxs"></a>Dayton PK 1972. Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential effects of enrichments to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In: Parker BC (Ed). Proceedings of the colloquium on conservation problems in Antarctica. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ellison AM, Bank MS, Clinton BD, Colburn EA, Elliott K, Ford CR, Foster DR, Kloeppel BD, Knoepp JD, Lovett GM, Mohan J, Orwig DA, Rodenhouse NL, Sobczak W V, Stinson KA, Stone JK, Swan CM, Thompson J, Holle B Von, Webster JR (2005) Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 3:479–486<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kanter RG (1977) Structure and Diversity in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mytilus californianus</i> (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Communities. University of Southern California<o:p></o:p></div>
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Lafferty KD, Suchanek TH (2016) Revisiting Paine’s 1966 sea star removal experiment, the most-cited empirical article in the American Naturalist. Am Nat 188:365–378<o:p></o:p></div>
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Lohse DP (1993) The importance of secondary substratum in a rocky intertidal community. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 166:1–17<o:p></o:p></div>
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Suchanek TH (1992) Extreme biodiversity in the marine environment: mussel bed communities of Mytilus Californianus. Northwest Environ J 8:150–152<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-61113626152473052312019-04-02T12:15:00.001-07:002019-04-02T12:15:28.611-07:00Radio interviewA few months ago, a fellow grad student interviewed me about my research. Now, the interview will be on the radio on a local Santa Cruz station! The station is 90.7 fm. It will air Wednesday, April 3 at 3:55 pm and Friday April 5 at 6:40 am. You can also listen online at KSQD.org.<br />
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-68579219617149788462019-04-02T11:50:00.001-07:002019-04-11T12:43:52.289-07:00Helpful tips for RThere are always new things to learn in R that totally change how you use it. Then there are those things that are super frustrating but the solutions elude you for years. Here is my list of those things.<br />
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<ul>
<li>Problem: Can't remember the syntax for basic functions in several useful packages</li>
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<li>Solution: R cheatsheets [<a href="https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/" target="_blank">link</a>]</li>
</ul>
<li>Problem: Can't use dates like a number line</li>
<ul>
<li>Solution: package "lubridate" (there's a cheatsheet for it, too)</li>
</ul>
<li>Problem: Can't specify limits to date axis in ggplot.</li>
<ul>
<li>Solution: use "scale_x_date" instead of "scale_x_continuous"</li>
</ul>
<li>Problem: It takes so much time to constantly update figures and tables into my manuscript.</li>
<ul>
<li>Solution: Rmarkdown [<a href="https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/" target="_blank">link</a>]. It knits together your writing and your code so your figures and tables are automatically updated.</li>
</ul>
<li>Problem: Plots in base don't have x and y axes touching.</li>
<ul>
<li>Solution: Within the plot() command, use xaxs='i', yaxs='i'</li>
</ul>
<li>Problem: It's hard to summarize a lot of data when you need it split up in certain groups.</li>
<ul>
<li>Solution: function ddply(). You tell it what your groups are, then you can specify what functions you want it to perform on any other variable and it will do this and split it up by your groups into a nice dataframe.</li>
</ul>
<li>Problem: I want to use many TRUE/FALSE criteria to select certain rows of data.</li>
<ul>
<li>Solution: use the syntax <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">%in%</span> and then a vector of criteria to tell R you are looking for items that match anything in your vector. Example: <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">plot.com[which(plot.com$plot%in%c('A03','A04','B03','B04','NC01','NC06')),] </span><br />looks for all values of plot.com where plot is A03 or A04 or B03, etc. You can also specify a vector object with the criteria you're trying to match, such as <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">plot.com[which(plot.com$plot%in%my.plot.criteria),] </span>where <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">my.plot.criteria</span> is a vector with the plots you want to specify.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-52343605297000482822018-12-03T16:50:00.003-08:002018-12-03T17:09:24.022-08:00Coastal Gastropod Reproduction: an Animated CartoonDr. Tom Carefoot, a retired faculty member of the University of British Columbia, made an animated cartoon about reproductive strategies of two types of coastal gastropods. This is just one of the features of his amazing website, <a href="http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/MOLLUSCA/whelk.php" target="_blank">A Snail's Odyssey</a>. Enjoy!<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzLwwYprS7-4aszBvVz8w16ccwLTCQB7ohpoLMGmFzDAKZV01mfkPtZnSPVFB3koOYDrvpKLSax2q7jyygJ5w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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Dr. Carefoot also shares a short history of the word dogwhelk. I have always wondered why the word "dog" is part of the name of this type of gastropod. Here is his commentary:<br />
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The word “whelk” has appeared in many different forms over the ages and has an obscure origin. The Oxford English Dictionary notes that the “unetymological” spelling of wh-elk (as opposed to such earlier names as “wiloc”, “wyloc”, “wylke”, and “welke”) commenced in the 15th C. The term “dog” whelk is used commonly in Britain and elsewhere in reference to Nucella spp., for no obvious reason that would relate to a snail. However, as we also have “dog shark”, “dog rose”, “dog violet”, and “dog wood”, perhaps it refers to something that is common or familiar, like our 4-legged companions.</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-35617959203941699462018-10-04T11:00:00.002-07:002018-10-04T11:00:30.820-07:00Field experiment finished!After 40 weeks, my field experiment examining how dogwhelk predation affects mussel bed communities is finished! I collected the experimental mussel beds and cleaned up the equipment in the beginning of August.<br />
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Before:<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZfKiFQCSuis/W7ZOORoE7sI/AAAAAAAA0RQ/ArHL4QNFQbcqYXImH9F3JwEHsPiej0nPQCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/IMG_0105.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZfKiFQCSuis/W7ZOORoE7sI/AAAAAAAA0RQ/ArHL4QNFQbcqYXImH9F3JwEHsPiej0nPQCK4BGAYYCw/s400/IMG_0105.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IwlyYl4BD0A/W7ZOkQluZHI/AAAAAAAA0Rc/HE9OuvDchwoYw9bZTrJoi-3rkn_3jTFWQCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/IMG_1324.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IwlyYl4BD0A/W7ZOkQluZHI/AAAAAAAA0Rc/HE9OuvDchwoYw9bZTrJoi-3rkn_3jTFWQCK4BGAYYCw/s320/IMG_1324.JPG" width="320" /> </a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-89SVrMWBsN8/W7ZQQJMXgyI/AAAAAAAA0R0/W14jAdti-mIXvGRpMru9FYdz1hWr4ax4wCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/IMG_1977.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-89SVrMWBsN8/W7ZQQJMXgyI/AAAAAAAA0R0/W14jAdti-mIXvGRpMru9FYdz1hWr4ax4wCK4BGAYYCw/s320/IMG_1977.JPG" width="240" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxuxeq6QIm-pOjHXM8TUa15pBn4eM5nIJXikiJSeRwx-Orp5-Dk-W9iTXzgS6M4B8rmU8eMuKbrMRA69ajOqg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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This is a video of the tide washing over my experimental cages.</div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4I8rVTw8lQM/W7ZLsRGUklI/AAAAAAAA0Qk/UHYOwuAjQ-wAOKm8fqTUzMYAgzauv8qHACLcBGAs/s1600/20180801_104426.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4I8rVTw8lQM/W7ZLsRGUklI/AAAAAAAA0Qk/UHYOwuAjQ-wAOKm8fqTUzMYAgzauv8qHACLcBGAs/s400/20180801_104426.jpg" width="400" /></a> </div>
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After August, low tides are during the night, which is why I decided to end it then. It's a very good thing I did, because two weeks later during the next spring tide, this washed up!<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s1qLP9rfEcc/W7ZLmNG2XyI/AAAAAAAA0Qc/JqSr_zYeAYEFBCR05qUyWCznGXqvI_08ACLcBGAs/s1600/20180812_135353.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s1qLP9rfEcc/W7ZLmNG2XyI/AAAAAAAA0Qc/JqSr_zYeAYEFBCR05qUyWCznGXqvI_08ACLcBGAs/s640/20180812_135353.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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This is a spotter boat—one that locates schools of squid at night so other fishermen can catch them—that has run aground on the reef.<br />
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It was about 100 ft. away from where my experiment was and probably would have ruined the whole thing, which would have been a HUGE loss for me; I honestly might not have been able to graduate this year if my experiment was still out there when this happened.<br />
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Over the course of a few days, the waves tore up the boat and left it in pieces. A salvage crew eventually came down and lifted up the pieces with a crane.<br />
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Now that that's all cleaned up and done, I have started measuring the mussel samples and I'm eager to get results!<br />
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-21594361803249788262018-07-19T11:00:00.001-07:002018-07-19T11:01:29.518-07:00Field experiment observationsI'm about to wrap up my field experiment finally! Now that lots of mussels are drilled and empty, thanks to my dogwhelks, I've noticed many lined shore crabs that like to live inside them. I'm not sure if this will be a real result or if it's just a fun observation, but either way, it's cute.<br />
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We also found many of these gelatinous, salp-looking creatures in my cages this week. I don't know what they are, but they look really weird!<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pachygrapsus</i> crab hiding in an empty mussel shell. I suspect larger empty mussels </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">support more <i>Pachygrapsus</i>. Could this be an interesting result of my experiment?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Unknown gelatinous creature or substance found in my experimental mussel beds.</span></div>
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-69791053783478776172018-07-16T17:33:00.001-07:002018-07-16T17:33:07.981-07:00Field experiment interviewHere I explain some of the details of my field experiment in the mussel beds. Huge thanks to Laura Shields, a former Science Communications student at UCSC for putting this together.<br />
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<br /><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw8Sipf_U2tKAdy6OlMw9s84CJNuSM7ImiBt3scbP7DzNc5swU_7x4gmF3IOWlCVldRAtr58o9hZxWhRShgCg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-41475045026316699442018-03-06T19:36:00.000-08:002018-03-06T20:12:04.365-08:00Real, live, squirming dogwhelk proboscidesThis time in the lab I found several dogwhelks eating a mussel they had killed just a day or two ago. Since the mussel was gaped open, you can see the dogwhelks' proboscises (or proboscides, which apparently is also the plural of proboscis) nosing around for mussel tissue. There's a point in the video where you can see all three proboscides together. The video is mostly at 20 x speed, but at the end I put in some 1 x speed so you can see how fast they actually move.<br />
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Check it out! The proboscis action is in the bottom right corner of the video. Each proboscis is a beige trunk-looking thing with a pink tip. Look for them moving inside the open mussel. The GoPro is not exactly in focus, but you can still see each proboscis fairly well.<br />
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I am starting to realize that perhaps the best way to get a dogwhelk to feed is to make it jealous; once one dogwhelk is drilling, others tend to join it. There was another healthy mussel in the tank with these dogwhelks and they ignored it and all fought over the same meal! How strange. Granted the other healthy mussel was glued to a hydrophone, but I have no reason to believe that would deter the snails.<br />
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Speaking of hydrophones, mine has been picking up lots of really loud static. I have checked the connections and moved things around and nothing seems to make it better or worse. It will randomly go quiet sometimes, but today it was very static-y for hours. If you have any recording experience and think you can help out, please let me know! The only thing I can think of now is maybe being in seawater continuously for several days is having a negative effect on it.Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-22106388199852416122018-02-28T11:34:00.000-08:002018-02-28T11:38:46.510-08:00Interesting dogwhelk behavior in labThe other day I was working with dogwhelks in the lab and I noticed one of them was stuck hanging from the top of the cage by a byssal thread. Apparently, a mussel had attached a thread to it and when I turned the cage on its side, the dogwhelk was dangling by it. The poor thing was clearly trying to grab something to get unstuck, but there wasn't much for it to hold onto. I wanted to see if it could get itself out of its unfortunate situation, so I set up my GoPro and started filming!<br />
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I soon noticed another dogwhelk crawling up the side of the tank and heading <i>directly</i> toward the top where the dangling dogwhelk was attached. It then proceeded to push on the threads, causing the dangling whelk to bounce! Was this dogwhelk trying to free the dangling one? Here is the 8x speed footage!<br />
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I waited a long time for the scene to progress, but the helper dogwhelk didn't break the byssal thread and eventually crawled away. The dangling one wasn't able to grab anything on its own, so I pushed it over to the side of the tank where it held onto the wall, started crawling, and eventually broke the thread and freed itself. </div>
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-8733589437988174522018-02-16T14:51:00.001-08:002018-02-16T14:51:34.393-08:00My first time recording drilling?In my continued effort to record dogwhelk rasping, I think I finally got a dogwhelk to drill a mussel glued to my hydrophone! Previously, the dogwhelks drilled all the other mussels in the tank, but not the only mussel that we wanted them to drill.<br />
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We've captured this process using time-lapse photography, and here are a couple pictures: one with the lights on during the daytime and one with them off and a red light on at night.<br />
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Here's what you're seeing: The cord is connected to the hydrophone, which is a black puck-like object. The hydrophone is on top of a black mussel, and the dogwhelk is the grey-white thing on the mussel. This is easier to see in the not-red photo. There is also a smaller mussel just to the right of the larger mussel with the dogwhelk on it. The smaller mussel is only there because it was attached to the large one and I didn't want to disturb it by pulling it apart. Finally, there is a thermometer in there with them, and the tank itself is in a cooler.<br />
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We have yet to go through the audio files to see what we can hear, but at least this time we know the snail was drilling in a quiet room, so the odds are in our favor to hear some rasps!Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-12782031166620652502017-11-29T20:05:00.001-08:002017-11-29T20:06:19.552-08:00Dogwhelk raspingMy colleague Cory has been helping me try to record the rasping sounds of dogwhelks in the lab so we can tell when they are feeding and when they are just sitting still on a mussel. He's been working on figuring out all the hard- and software so far, and we are getting close! It turns out a small group of researchers at <a href="http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/minerb2/" target="_blank">Western Washington University</a> in Bellingham, WA is also developing a way to do this! And they shared one of their recordings online!<br />
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Ever wondered what dogwhelk drilling sounds like? Wonder no more.</div>
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<a href="http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/minerb2/extras/snailscraps.wav">http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/minerb2/extras/snailscraps.wav</a> </div>
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-14085973562805429862017-11-23T12:06:00.001-08:002017-11-26T16:17:49.223-08:00More November cage sampling Here are more photos of my field work last week.<br />
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We have to take all the lids off every time we go out. </div>
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On clear days we get a visit from these shorebirds! They blend in very well; how many can you see? </div>
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Here is another borehole. </div>
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Four painted snails in one shot! The orange one might be eating that large mussel.</div>
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These dogwhelks are from Lompoc, a site near Point Conception.</div>
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What is this arthropod-like creature squirming in the mussel matrix?</div>
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Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4422606066479908484.post-71924878718639343422017-11-20T22:42:00.001-08:002017-11-21T09:37:05.836-08:00WSN conference posterLast weekend I attended the Western Society of Naturalists annual meeting in Pasadena, California. I presented a poster about my ocean acidification study that tested the feeding behavior of drilling dogwhelks. It was a really fun weekend!<br />
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<br />Ginahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12060798792616990574noreply@blogger.com0